ct: add ::ContinualTask to various adapter enums

[danhhz]

May as well rip off the band-aid and get it over with.

Touches #28899

Motivation

• This PR adds a known-desirable feature.

Tips for reviewer

This is the first time I've had to make a change to the catalog protos, and I think I missed some steps :)

Checklist

• This PR has adequate test coverage / QA involvement has been duly considered. (trigger-ci for additional test/nightly runs)
• This PR has an associated up-to-date design doc, is a design doc (template), or is sufficiently small to not require a design.
• If this PR evolves an existing $T ⇔ Proto$T mapping (possibly in a backwards-incompatible way), then it is tagged with a T-proto label.
• If this PR will require changes to cloud orchestration or tests, there is a companion cloud PR to account for those changes that is tagged with the release-blocker label (example).
• If this PR includes major user-facing behavior changes, I have pinged the relevant PM to schedule a changelog post.